This paper discusses the prospects of using of nanodiamonds in biotechnology. The possibility of effective separation of proteins from protein mixtures by using of nanodiamonds was shown on the example of recombinant luciferase purification from the extracts of E. coli bacterial cells: the process require minimum equipment and time; one technological cycle give desired product with high-quality (according to SDS-PAGE) and yield 40-45%. The application of nanodiamonds for design the systems of indication was demonstrated on the example of bioluminescent test-system fabrication by using of nanodiamond-luciferase complex and inert polymeric matrix.