The article is devoted to results of research of psychophysiological and adaptive characteristics of the children and teenagers, who constantly live in extreme weather conditions, are considered. It is shown that northern children and teenagers are characterized by great value time indicators the sensor-motor of reactions, in comparison with school students of middle latitudes; it is discussed indicators of a variation of a rhythm of heart, prevalence of weak type of nervous system, at the satisfactory adaptation determined by a state to cardiovascular system.