The article gives the analysis of five Volter’s onomomyths, created by literary mentality of the Age of Enlightenment in Russia. On the basis of investigation of these onomomyths, interpreting Volter alternately now as a fighter with religious fanaticism, now as a pienipotentiary minister of the Hell, now as a leader of liberals, now as an inspirer of ‘’volterian” suicides, now as an organizer of French revolution the author comes to the conclusion about non-historical character of cultural creation of myths. The present creation of myths in new literary-historical conditions can regenerate and develop old plots, applying to the  eternal problem of interrelation of personality and society.