Experimental results on the creation of fine-grained aluminum alloys with different scale structural components, ranging from tens of microns to tens of nanometers, by various external influences in the liquid and solid states were present. It is found that complex processing of the melt, including its heating to a temperature corresponding to the point on the hysteresis of the toughness poluterms and rapid quenching at a rate not less than 1000 K / s result in fine-grained structure in cast alloys with transition metals. New master alloys with high doping and modifying abilities, due to the formation in their structures metastable dispersed zirconium or titanium aluminides or nanoparticles of titanium carbide were offered. The regularities of formation of industrial submicrocrystalline alloys by new method of high-speed plastic deformation - the dynamic channel-angular pressing and nanostructured alloys by torsion in Bridgman anvils were studied