The traditional methods of labor efficiency growing such as rationalization and automation of business processes, search of talents, often do not lead to increase in competitiveness of human resources in the conditions of high uncertainty and dynamism of the Russian social and economic environment, formation of the modern «transparent» world market. It is necessary to create conditions for the employee’s constant striving to consciously formation long-term superiority over competing employees and to increase the each own professional competences through the business career in order to be competitive on the labor market. The purpose of this research consists in identification of the organizational and economic patterns of business career caused by differences in the competitive position of banking organizations. During the research the staff’s business careers of the fifteen federal and regional banks listed on the Russian market for last six years have been analyzed. The results of the research show that the type and intensity of a business career determine the mechanisms of localization and approval of the competitive advantage of both the employee and the banking organization in the market situation. The knowledge of business career has allowed us to identify the presence of a socio-economic conflict between professional career and organizational (intra-and inter-organizational). The ways of conflict solution about business career generate strategic alternatives of the interaction professional and organizational types of career, aimed to maintaining and increasing the competitiveness of human resources of the banking organization.