The article is devoted to the problem of speech disorders caused by local brain damage. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate different tests for diagnosing aphasia developed in European countries and Russia. Four out of these methods have passed significant approbation and are widely used for testing the speech of the patients with aphasia. The other three were created recently and reflect current data from neurolinguistics. The authors used a descriptive method to present the testing systems. The study showed that European classifications of aphasia differ from Russian ones. There is a problem of discrepancies in diagnosis when using different methods. It was noted that there is a culturally specific marker of diagnosis in accordance with the research traditions of different countries and cognitive and mental characteristics of the patients who speak different languages. Modern approaches to working with aphasia are associated with neuropragmatics, research of metalinguistic abilities and augmentative / alternative communication. The prospects for diagnosing speech localization in the brain are found in the combination of methods of neuropsychology and neuroimaging and in the use of artificial intelligence. The problem of post-stroke speech disorders is relevant and requires the combined efforts of speech therapists, linguists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists.